Fig. 4
Components of tidal energy. Total pressure is the sum of its flow resistive, driving, and end-expiratory components. When coupled to volume increments, these individual pressure categories contribute to total inflation energy (Ptot = Total pressure, Pres = flow resistive pressure, Pel = conserved (‘elastic’) pressure, R = flow resistance, Vt = tidal volume, C = tidal compliance, PEEPtot = PEEP + auto-PEEP, V = Volume above end-expiratory baseline value)