Table 1 Patient-, hospital-, and region-level characteristics of patients treated with invasive mechanical ventilation in an ICU, HDU, or ward
Variables | ICU | HDU/ward | SMD |
|---|---|---|---|
N = 33,642 | N = 49,704 | ||
Patient-level | |||
Age, years, mean (SD) | 69.6 (14.9) | 73.8 (15.5) | –28 |
Male, n (%) | 20,952 (62.3) | 29,518 (59.4) | 6 |
BMI at admission, kg/m2, n (%) | |||
< 18.5 | 4535 (13.5) | 9309 (18.7) | –14 |
18.5–24.9 | 18,199 (54.1) | 21,523 (43.3) | 22 |
25.0–29.9 | 6241 (18.6) | 6279 (12.6) | 16 |
≥ 30.0 | 1703 (5.1) | 1985 (4.0) | 5 |
Missing | 2964 (8.8) | 10,608 (21.3) | –36 |
CCI, mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.6) | 1.2 (1.6) | 9 |
Cognitive function, n (%) | |||
No dementia | 28,194 (83.8) | 37,227 (74.9) | 22 |
Mild dementia | 3115 (9.3) | 6,513 (13.1) | –12 |
Moderate/severe dementia | 2333 (6.9) | 5964 (12.0) | –17 |
Long-term care-needs, n (%) | |||
No care-needs | 33,598 (99.9) | 49,445 (99.5) | 7 |
SL1-2 & CNL1-2 | 24 (0.1) | 101 (0.2) | –4 |
CNL3-5 | 20 (0.1) | 158 (0.3) | –6 |
Home medical care, n (%) | 1136 (3.4) | 4388 (8.8) | –23 |
Admission on a weekend, n (%) | 8008 (23.8) | 11,878 (23.9) | 0 |
Location before admission, n (%) | |||
Home | 29,086 (86.5) | 42,056 (84.6) | 5 |
Other hospitals | 3474 (10.3) | 3541 (7.1) | 11 |
Nursing home | 1082 (3.2) | 4107 (8.3) | –22 |
Ambulance use, n (%) | 19,161 (57.0) | 31,682 (63.7) | –14 |
Emergency admission, n (%) | 24,178 (71.9) | 42,749 (86.0) | –35 |
Surgery, n (%) | 6709 (19.9) | 3154 (6.3) | 41 |
CPR, n (%) | 3299 (9.8) | 13,211 (26.6) | –45 |
Length of stay before IMV, n (%) | |||
On the day of admission | 12,183 (36.2) | 28,720 (57.8) | –44 |
On the next day of admission | 6549 (19.5) | 5796 (11.7) | 22 |
Day 3–6 | 7875 (23.4) | 6483 (13.0) | 27 |
Day 7 | 7035 (20.9) | 8705 (17.5) | 9 |
Primary diagnoses, n (%) | |||
Acute heart failure | 3650 (10.8) | 9063 (18.2) | –21 |
Post cardiac arrest | 2625 (7.8) | 7581 (15.3) | –23 |
Acute coronary syndrome | 3018 (9.0) | 4297 (8.6) | 1 |
Stroke | 4537 (13.5) | 2981 (6.0) | 25 |
Cancer | 3426 (10.2) | 3516 (7.1) | 11 |
Aortic dissection or aneurysm | 3887 (11.6) | 1860 (3.7) | 30 |
Abdominal diseases | 2755 (8.2) | 2970 (6.0) | 9 |
Pneumonia | 1072 (3.2) | 4218 (8.5) | –23 |
Trauma | 2080 (6.2) | 2394 (4.8) | 6 |
Sepsis | 1766 (5.2) | 1413 (2.8) | 12 |
Aspiration | 801 (2.4) | 2502 (5.0) | –14 |
Chronic lower respiratory diseases | 282 (0.8) | 1577 (3.2) | –17 |
Home to nearest ICU, km, median (IQR) | 4.5 (2.2–10.3) | 5.6 (2.7–13.1) | –15 |
Hospital-level | |||
Hospitals with ICU beds, n (%) | 33,534 (99.7) | 29,249 (58.8) | 117 |
ICU beds, median (IQR) | 13 (8–22) | 6 (0–10) | 89 |
HDU beds, median (IQR) | 18 (9–28) | 12 (0–24) | 26 |
Acute-care beds, median (IQR) | 576 (427–792) | 414 (250–600) | 63 |
Academic hospital, n (%) | 10,178 (30.3) | 6,182 (12.4) | 45 |
Tertiary emergency hospital, n (%) | 22,289 (66.3) | 23,763 (47.8) | 38 |
Ambulance cases, median (IQR) | 4476 (2944–6187) | 3478 (2000–5571) | 31 |
IMV cases, median (IQR) | 401 (281–570) | 260 (122–435) | 49 |
Regional-level | |||
Regions with ICU beds, n (%) | 33,599 (99.9) | 42,736 (86.0) | 56 |
ICU beds per million, median (IQR) | 7.3 (5.0–10.1) | 5.0 (2.9–7.8) | 57 |
HDU beds per million, median (IQR) | 11.9 (8.7–16.8) | 11.4 (8.0–15.0) | 18 |
Acute-care beds per million, median (IQR) | 633 (523–697) | 605 (474–679) | 20 |