Fig. 1

Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cell death mechanisms in heatstroke. Heat stress induces various types of programmed cell death. Apoptosis, which is anti-inflammatory, is characterized by nuclear fragmentation and cell shrinkage. Cells form apoptotic bodies that are cleared by phagocytes. In contrast, proinflammatory cell deaths, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, share similar features, including cell swelling and ruptured nuclei. These cells release their cytoplasmic and nuclear contents, which trigger proinflammatory reactions