The Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2024

Shime, Nobuaki; Nakada, Taka-aki; Yatabe, Tomoaki; Yamakawa, Kazuma; Aoki, Yoshitaka; Inoue, Shigeaki; Iba, Toshiaki; Ogura, Hiroshi; Kawai, Yusuke; Kawaguchi, Atsushi; Kawasaki, Tatsuya; Kondo, Yutaka; Sakuraya, Masaaki; Taito, Shunsuke; Doi, Kent; Hashimoto, Hideki; Hara, Yoshitaka; Fukuda, Tatsuma; Matsushima, Asako; Egi, Moritoki; Kushimoto, Shigeki; Oami, Takehiko; Kikutani, Kazuya; Kotani, Yuki; Aikawa, Gen; Aoki, Makoto; Akatsuka, Masayuki; Asai, Hideki; Abe, Toshikazu; Amemiya, Yu; Ishizawa, Ryo; Ishihara, Tadashi; Ishimaru, Tadayoshi; Itosu, Yusuke; Inoue, Hiroyasu; Imahase, Hisashi; Imura, Haruki; Iwasaki, Naoya; Ushio, Noritaka; Uchida, Masatoshi; Uchi, Michiko; Umegaki, Takeshi; Umemura, Yutaka; Endo, Akira; Oi, Marina; Ouchi, Akira; Osawa, Itsuki; Oshima, Yoshiyasu; Ota, Kohei; Ohno, Takanori; Okada, Yohei; Okano, Hiromu; Ogawa, Yoshihito; Kashiura, Masahiro; Kasugai, Daisuke; Kano, Ken-ichi; Kamidani, Ryo; Kawauchi, Akira; Kawakami, Sadatoshi; Kawakami, Daisuke; Kawamura, Yusuke; Kandori, Kenji; Kishihara, Yuki; Kimura, Sho; Kubo, Kenji; Kuribara, Tomoki; Koami, Hiroyuki; Koba, Shigeru; Sato, Takehito; Sato, Ren; Sawada, Yusuke; Shida, Haruka; Shimada, Tadanaga; Shimizu, Motohiro; Shimizu, Kazushige; Shiraishi, Takuto; Shinkai, Toru; Tampo, Akihito; Sugiura, Gaku; Sugimoto, Kensuke; Sugimoto, Hiroshi; Suhara, Tomohiro; Sekino, Motohiro; Sonota, Kenji; Taito, Mahoko; Takahashi, Nozomi; Takeshita, Jun; Takeda, Chikashi; Tatsuno, Junko; Tanaka, Aiko; Tani, Masanori; Tanikawa, Atsushi; Chen, Hao; Tsuchida, Takumi; Tsutsumi, Yusuke; Tsunemitsu, Takefumi; Deguchi, Ryo; Tetsuhara, Kenichi; Terayama, Takero; Togami, Yuki; Totoki, Takaaki; Tomoda, Yoshinori; Nakao, Shunichiro; Nagasawa, Hiroki; Nakatani, Yasuhisa; Nakanishi, Nobuto; Nishioka, Norihiro; Nishikimi, Mitsuaki; Noguchi, Satoko; Nonami, Suguru; Nomura, Osamu; Hashimoto, Katsuhiko; Hatakeyama, Junji; Hamai, Yasutaka; Hikone, Mayu; Hisamune, Ryo; Hirose, Tomoya; Fuke, Ryota; Fujii, Ryo; Fujie, Naoki; Fujinaga, Jun; Fujinami, Yoshihisa; Fujiwara, Sho; Funakoshi, Hiraku; Homma, Koichiro; Makino, Yuto; Matsuura, Hiroshi; Matsuoka, Ayaka; Matsuoka, Tadashi; Matsumura, Yosuke; Mizuno, Akito; Miyamoto, Sohma; Miyoshi, Yukari; Murata, Satoshi; Murata, Teppei; Yakushiji, Hiromasa; Yasuo, Shunsuke; Yamada, Kohei; Yamada, Hiroyuki; Yamamoto, Ryo; Yamamoto, Ryohei; Yumoto, Tetsuya; Yoshida, Yuji; Yoshihiro, Shodai; Yoshimura, Satoshi; Yoshimura, Jumpei; Yonekura, Hiroshi; Wakabayashi, Yuki; Wada, Takeshi; Watanabe, Shinichi; Ijiri, Atsuhiro; Ugata, Kei; Uda, Shuji; Onodera, Ryuta; Takahashi, Masaki; Nakajima, Satoshi; Honda, Junta; Matsumoto, Tsuguhiro

doi:10.1186/s40560-025-00776-0

Journal of Intensive Care

Table 3 Common imaging tests according to the source of infection

From: The Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2024

Region	Suspected source of infection	Primary imaging tests
Region	Suspected source of infection	Ultrasonography	X-ray	CT	MRI
Head and neck	Brain abscess			〇 (Contrast-enhanced imaging)	〇
Head and neck	Cervical abscess	〇		〇 (Contrast-enhanced imaging)
Chest	Empyema	〇	〇	〇 (Contrast-enhanced imaging)
Chest	Infective endocarditis	〇^a		CT (Cardiac CT/¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT)
Abdomen	Peritonitis	〇		〇^b
	Cholecystitis/cholangitis	〇		〇 (Contrast-enhanced imaging)	〇
	Obstructive urinary tract infection	〇		〇
Other	Necrotic soft tissue infections			〇	〇

Circles indicate appropriate primary imaging tests
¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT positron emission computed tomography with ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose, CT computed tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging
^aTransesophageal echocardiography is indicated if clinically suspected or in patients with prosthetic valves or other implanted devices. [43]
^bContrast-enhanced imaging is recommended for the evaluation of organ ischemia, vascular lesions, and acute pancreatitis. [44]

Back to article page

ISSN: 2052-0492

Contact us

Submission enquiries: richard.abe@springernature.com
General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com