Fig. 3

CyTOF analysis of monocytes in discovery cohort. A Monocytes from the total four groups were classified into 14 subpopulations based on immune-related cell markers, and these subpopulations showed distinct distributions across different groups. B Five of the 14 monocyte subsets displayed dramatic changes between healthy and inflammatory conditions. C Heatmap illustrated the expression of 10 immune-related cell markers across the 14 monocyte subpopulations. D CD39, CD64, CD86, and HLA–DR had differential expressions between the healthy group and the other three groups (* for p < 0.05, ** for p < 0.01, and *** for p < 0.001). E t-SNE plots demonstrated that CD39–low-expressed cells constituted the main population of monocytes in septic patients. CyTOF mass cytometry time-of-flight. t-SNE t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding. HLA–DR human leukocyte antigen–DR