Fig. 2

Potential therapeutic interventions modulating gut permeability and targeting the microbiome in critical illness. Pharmacological approaches such as EGF, MLCK inhibitors, and caspase inhibitors, can potentially modulate gut permeability by strengthening epithelial TJs and preventing apoptosis (left side of figure). Microbiome-targeted therapies, including probiotics, FMT, and SDD can also potentially restore a healthy microbiome (right side of figure)