Table 1 Baseline characteristics and phenotypes
Characteristics study cohort | Total SEPSIS-1 | Phenotype | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α | β | γ | δ | ||
No. of patients (%) | 1089 | 24 (2.2) | 69 (6.3) | 741 (68.0) | 255 (23.4) |
Age, mean, median [IQR], year | 68 [57–75] | 67 [57–76] | 75 [69–80] | 67 [56–74] | 70 [59–77] |
Sex, No. (%) | |||||
Male | 691 (63.5) | 19 (79.2) | 36 (52.2) | 487 (65.7) | 149 (58.4) |
Female | 398 (36.5) | 5 (20.8) | 33 (47.8) | 254 (34.3) | 106 (41.6) |
Septic shock (SEPSIS-3), No. (%) | 614/1081 (56.8) | 13/24 (54.2) | 35/68 (51.5) | 415/739 (56.2) | 151/250 (60.4) |
Charlson Comorbidity Index, median [IQR] | 2 [1–4] | 2.5 [0.3–3.8] | 3 [2–4] | 2 [1–4] | 2 [1–4] |
Type of admission, No. (%) | |||||
Emergency surgery | 494 (45.4) | 11 (45.8) | 40 (58.0) | 304 (41.0) | 139 (54.5) |
Emergency (non-surgical) | 473 (43.4) | 10 (41.7) | 21 (30.4) | 345 (46.6) | 97 (38.0) |
Elective surgery | 122 (11.2) | 3 (12.5) | 8 (11.6) | 92 (12.4) | 19 (7.5) |
Reached maximum within 24 h, median [IQR] | |||||
SIRS criteria | 4 [3, 4] | 3 [2, 3] | 3 [3, 4] | 4 [3, 4] | 4 [3, 4] |
SOFA Scorea | 10 [8–12] | 10 [9–12] | 9 [7–10] | 10 [8–12] | 9 [7–11] |
Inflammation | |||||
CRP, median [IQR], mg/Lb | 190 [120–284] | 141 [80–239] | 231 [122–300] | 197 [122–290] | 178 [108–266] |
PCT, median [IQR], ng/mL | 7.4 [1.6–26.8] | 1.4 [0.3–8.1] | 5.7 [1.4–25.7] | 8.0 [1.7–29.8] | 6.1 [1.7–23.5] |
Temperature, median [IQR], °Cb | 38.0 [37.2–38.7] | 37.9 [36.8–38.7] | 37.4 [36.8–38.4] | 38.1 [37.3–38.8] | 37.6 [37.0–38.4] |
White blood cell count, median [IQR], × 109/Lb | 15.8 [10.3–22.7] | 15.8 [12.7–24.2] | 14.9 [9.8–23.1] | 16.0 [10.4–23.2] | 15.3 [10.1–21.0] |
Pulmonary | |||||
PaO2, median [IQR], mmHgb | 78 [68–99] | 98 [84–101] | 99 [95–105] | 71 [63–80] | 123 [107–154] |
PaO2/FiO2-ratio, median [IQR], mmHgb | 158 [107–230] | 199 [128–255] | 228 [180–300] | 138 [93–184] | 253 [170–331] |
Respiratory rate, median [IQR], breaths/minb | 24 [20–30] | 22 [18–30] | 21 [17–24] | 25 [20–31] | 22 [17–29] |
Cardiovascular or Hemodynamic | |||||
Bicarbonate, median [IQR] mmol/Lb | 20.9 [17.9–24.0] | 21.5 [18.4–24.5] | 20.8 [17.7–24.1] | 21.0 [18.0–24.3] | 20.2 [17.3–22.9] |
Heart rate, median [IQR], beats/minb | 120 [104–136] | 71 [62–84] | 97 [85–102] | 120 [107–137] | 125 [110–140] |
Serum lactate, median [IQR], mmol/Lb | 2.7 [1.6–4.7] | 2.2 [1.4–2.9] | 2.3 [1.5–4.0] | 2.7 [1.6–4.7] | 3.0 [1.7–4.8] |
Systolic blood pressure, median [IQR], mmHgb | 83 [74–94] | 91 [82–110] | 80 [72–93] | 84 [75–93] | 80 [70–94] |
Renal | |||||
Creatinine, median [IQR], µmol/Lb | 133 [88–212] | 124 [77–225] | 168 [106–279] | 133 [88–212] | 124 [80–211] |
Blood urea, median [IQR], mmol/Lb | 9.8 [6.1–16.0] | 8.5 [3.9–15.9] | 11.3 [7.9–21.1] | 9.8 [6.3–15.6] | 9.2 [5.5–16.8] |
Hepatic | |||||
Bilirubin, median [IQR], µmol/Lb | 15.4 [8.6–26.0] | 17.6 [9.0–34.8] | 16.0 [9.4–25.7] | 15.4 [8.6–27.4] | 13.7 [8.6–22.2] |
Hematologic | |||||
Hemoglobin, median [IQR], mmol/Lb | 5.8 [5.2–6.9] | 6.1 [5.4–7.2] | 5.8 [5.2–6.8] | 5.8 [5.2–6.8] | 5.9 [5.0–7.0] |
Platelets, median [IQR], × 109/Lb | 199 [132–286] | 224 [140–320] | 181 [145–261] | 195 [125–289] | 208 [143–287] |
Other | |||||
Albumin, median [IQR], g/Lb | 20 [15–25] | 29 [21–34] | 17 [14–21] | 20 [16–25] | 19 [15–24] |
Glucose, median [IQR], mmol/Lb | 8.8 [7.4–10.8] | 8.3 [7.0–10.0] | 8.7 [6.9–10.4] | 8.9 [7.5–10.9] | 8.5 [7.2–10.4] |
Sodium, median [IQR], mmol/Lb | 140 [137–144] | 143 [137–145] | 139 [136–142] | 141 [137–144] | 140 [135–143] |
GCS, median [IQR]b | 15 [10–15] | 14 [4–15] | 15 [14, 15] | 15 [10–15] | 15 [11–15] |
Mechanical ventilation, median days [IQR]c | 6 [1–15] | 11 [2–24] | 2 [1–6] | 7 [2–17] | 4 [1–10] |
Renal replacement therapy, median days [IQR]c | 0 [0–1] | 0 [0–1] | 0 [0–1] | 0 [0–2] | 0 [0–1] |
Vasopressor use, median days [IQR]c | 3 [1–9] | 9 [3–16] | 2 [1–5] | 4 [1–9] | 3 [1–7] |
Antibiotic use, median days [IQR]c | 7 [3–15] | 10 [6–20] | 6 [3–12] | 8 [4–16] | 6 [3–12] |
In-hospital mortality, N (%) [95% CI] | 342/1027 (33.3) [30.5–36.2] | 7/24 (29.2) [14.9–49.2] | 19/65 (29.2) [19.6–41.2] | 238/696 (34.2) [30.8–37.8] | 78/242 (32.2) [26.7–38.4] |
28-day mortality, N (%) [95% CI] | 289/1076 (26.9) [24.3–29.6] | 5/24 (20.8) [9.2–40.5] | 14/69 (20.3) [12.5–31.2] | 198/790 (27.1) [22.2–28.2] | 72/253 (28.5) [23.3–34.3] |
90-day mortality, N (%) [95% CI] | 399/1045 (38.2) [35.3–41.2] | 9/24 (37.5) [21.2–57.3] | 27/68 (39.7) [28.9–51.6] | 271/706 (38.4) [34.9–42.0] | 92/247 (37.2) [31.5–43.4] |