Table 1 Demographic characteristics

Number of admissions (N [%])

42,141 (100)

960 (2.3)

41,181 (97.7)

–

Mean age (year)

62.0 ± 16.8

58.0 ± 16.9

62.1 ± 16.8

< 0.001

Sex (N [%])

 Male

18,189 (43.2)

433 (45.1)

17,756 (43.1)

0.554

 Female

23,946 (56.8)

527 (54.9)

23,419 (56.9)

0.550

 N/A

6 (0.0)

0 (0)

6 (0)

Race (N[%])

 White

25,061 (59.5)

549 (57.2)

24,512 (59.5)

0.733

 Black

6568 (15.6)

144 (15)

6424 (15.6)

0.317

 Hispanic

4917 (11.7)

135 (14.1)

4782 (11.6)

0.997

 Asian or Pacific Islander

1890 (4.5)

43 (4.5)

1847 (4.5)

0.479

 Native American

250 (0.6)

7 (0.7)

243 (0.6)

0.414

 Other

1691 (4.0)

39 (4.1)

1652 (4.0)

0.473

 N/A

1764 (4.2)

43 (4.5)

1721 (4.2)

0.232

 Mean length of stay (days)

11.8 ± 14.5

20.0 ± 18.9

11.6 ± 14.3

 < 0.001

 Mean total charge

$244,756.8 ± 340,996.5

$503,671.3 ± 647,729.9

$238,724.6 ± 328,062.1

 < 0.001

 Mean until first procedure (days)

1.9 ± 5.0

3.5 ± 7.3

1.9 ± 4.9

 < 0.001

Mortality (N [%])

 Died

9664 (22.9)

386 (40.2)

9278 (22.5)

 < 0.001

 Did not die

32,456 (77.0)

574 (59.8)

31,882 (77.4)

 < 0.001

Primary insurance (N [%])

 Medicare

19,669 (46.7)

360 (37.5)

19,309 (46.9)

 < 0.001

 Medicaid

6453 (15.3)

175 (18.2)

6278 (15.2)

0.961

 Private insurance

12,160 (28.9)

331 (34.5)

11,829 (28.7)

 < 0.001

 Self-pay

2309 (5.5)

49 (5.1)

2260 (5.5)

 < 0.001

 No charge

178 (0.4)

5 (0.5)

173 (0.4)

 > 0.999

 Other

1277 (3.0)

36 (3.75)

1241 (3.0)

0.824

 N/A

95 (0.2)

4 (0.4)

91 (0.2)

0.693

Patient location (N [%])

 Counties in metro areas of 250,000–999,999 population

8647 (20.5)

171 (17.8)

8476 (20.6)

0.094

 Counties in metro areas of 50,000–249,999 population

3717 (8.8)

73 (7.6)

3644 (8.8)

0.138

 Micropolitan counties

3614 (8.6)

87 (9.1)

3527 (8.6)

 > 0.999

“Central” counties of metro areas of ≥ 1 million population

13,285 (31.5)

311 (32.4)

12,974 (31.5)

0.560

 “Fringe” counties of metro areas of ≥ 1 million population

9968 (23.7)

243 (25.3)

9725 (23.6)

0.281

 Not metropolitan or micropolitan counties

2629 (6.2)

67 (7.0)

2562 (6.2)

0.316

 N/A

281 (0.7)

8 (0.8)

273 (0.7)

0.475

Elixhauser comorbidity index (N [%])

 0

1837 (4.4)

16 (1.7)

1821 (4.4)

0.054

 1

4859 (11.5)

60 (6.3)

4799 (11.7)

0.013

 2

7538 (17.9)

140 (4.6)

7398 (18.0)

0.119

 ≥ 3

27,907 (66.2)

744 (77.5)

27,163 (66.0)

 < 0.001

 N/A

0

0

0

NA

Smoking status

 Yes

5750 (13.6)

125 (13.0)

5625 (13.7)

0.553

 No

36,391 (86.4)

835 (87.0)

35,556 (86.3)

0.553